Grantee Research Project Results
Final Report: Stationary Power Generation Via Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: A Response to Pollution and Global Warming
EPA Grant Number: R828598C778Subproject: this is subproject number 778 , established and managed by the Center Director under grant R828598
(EPA does not fund or establish subprojects; EPA awards and manages the overall grant for this center).
Center: EAGLES - Consortium for Estuarine Ecoindicator Research for the Gulf of Mexico
Center Director: Brouwer, Marius
Title: Stationary Power Generation Via Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: A Response to Pollution and Global Warming
Investigators: Thrasher, Joseph , Street, Shane C. , Wiest, John M. , Zangari, Giovanni , Reddy, Ramana
Institution: The University of Alabama
EPA Project Officer: Aja, Hayley
Project Period: September 1, 2000 through August 31, 2004
RFA: Gulf Coast Hazardous Substance Research Center (Lamar University) (1996) RFA Text | Recipients Lists
Research Category: Hazardous Waste/Remediation , Targeted Research
Objective:
This project attempted to address an emerging technology that could significantly alter the entire infrastructure of power generation in the United States or even the World, while using underutilized high-energy fuel sources including those derived from waste. The purpose of the proposed research was to improve upon the state-of-the-art technology for non-polluting, solid oxide fuel cells in order to facilitate their commercialization. We attempted to accomplish this via a multidisciplinary, integrated system-level approach as well as by attempting to partner with the major industries and federal laboratories pursuing this technology.
The overall objective was to make stationary power generation by SOFCs a major component of the all-methane economy, which would (1) reduce CO2 emissions by >60% thereby stabilizing the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere (a significant factor in global warming) and (2) provide the United States with an approximate annual savings of $69 billion on its fuel bill! Regionally, the Gulf Coast is rich in sources of natural gas ranging from both conventional (natural gas wells) and unconventional sources (methane-hydrate and coal-bed methane) to landfills, swamps, and waste streams from the petroleum, chemical, and other Gulf Coast industries.
The research work consisted of the following goals: (1) develop high-performance electrodes which are compatible with the electrolyte material and exhibit low polarization during service, (2) greatly lower the total resistance of the solid-oxide electrolyte at lower temperatures without reducing its thickness below about 5 microns by using a nanoparticle approach, (3) successfully model the transport of oxide through the solid-oxide electrolyte in conjunction with the synthetic approach, (4) develop new materials, design and fabrication methods for bipolar plates with high conductivity and high corrosion resistance, including lightweight alloys and composite materials with surface coatings, and (5) integrate the selected components developed from the preceding tasks into sub-assemblies and later into an entire fuel cell of high performance and low cost. Several recent publications offer a 'proof-of-concept' for our proposal to improve SOFC technology via the use of nanocrystalline electrode and electrolyte materials.
Summary/Accomplishments (Outputs/Outcomes):
Anode materials: The most common anode materials in current SOFC applications are Ni/YSZ (nickel/yttria-stabilized zirconia) cermets, made by reducing NiO/YSZ in-situ under fuel exposure in the SOFC cell. The nickel is dispersed in the YSZ as a solid solution and acts as a catalyst for the oxidation reaction of the fuel at the three-phase boundary where the electrolyte, anode and fuel gas meet. Good cell performance requires that the nickel and the YSZ form continuous electronic and ionic pathways, respectively. Thus, the microstructure of the Ni/YSZ anode is an important parameter, and it is dependent on the preparation technique. Typically, the NiO/YSZ precursors are made by mechanical mixing of NiO and YSZ powders. This method does not usually yield highly uniform Ni dispersion in the cermet, limiting SOFC performance.
Preparation of YSZ by the sol-gel method has been widely reported. We have extended this method to the preparation of ultrafine NiO/YSZ for the first time. The resulting powders, dried, calcined, and sintered have been examined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. We find that well-dispersed Ni/YSZ is formed following crystallization of the YSZ above 700 °C and reduction under hydrogen. The typical Ni crystallite size is about 20 nm, with the zirconia crystallite size below 10 nm. Pore formation is apparent following reduction of NiO, without apparent macroscopic volume change in the pressed pellets. We anticipate that further control of the crystallite sizes may be gained by varying the temperature and/or pH of the sol-gel reaction mixture.
Ceria-based electrolytes: Pure as well nickel- and copper-doped Ce0.8Y0.2O1.9 (YDC-yttria-doped ceria) electrolyte powders were prepared by a chemical co-precipitation process. The effect of nickel and copper ions on the sinterability and electrical conductivity of the resulting YDC ceramics was investigated. Following calcination, the particle size of the powders was found to be in the nanoparticle range (20-30 nm) by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Analysis of the X-ray diffractograms indicated that the electrolytes had the fluorite structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs of the surface microstructure revealed that the average grain size of the nickel- and copper-doped YDC electrolytes obtained from powders increased significantly from 1.5 µm to 10.8 µm with increasing sintering temperature (1300 to 1500 °C). The copper-doped YDC had the biggest grain size at the same sintering temperature, but the conductivities were the lowest. Nickel ions improved the densities of samples, while the pure YDC samples had the highest conductivities. It is interesting to note that samples with a smaller grain size had greater conductivities than those with larger grain size when sintered at the same temperature and doped with the same ions, particularly when the grain size remained smaller than 3 µm. This result was confirmed by AC impedance spectroscopy.
Additional samples of cobalt- and platinum-doped YDC electrolyte powders were prepared by the solid-state reaction method. The presence of cobalt ions was observed to sharply increase the densities of the samples (over 97% theoretical density at a sintering temperature of 1000 °C), and in order to reach the same densities, samples prepared by the co-precipitation method must be sintered above 1400 °C. Furthermore, the cobalt-doped samples exhibited high conductivities at the sintering temperature of 1000 °C. For comparison, the conductivities of these samples are close to those of pure YDC prepared at sintering temperatures of 1400 °C and above. Again, samples with a smaller grain size were found to have higher conductivities. Thus, cobalt-doped YDC was shown to have great potential for use as an electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In contrast, doping with platinum ions was observed to increase the grain size but not the conductivity. Finally, cobalt-doped YDC samples were also prepared by the co-precipitation method and sintered at 1000 °C. The relative densities and conductivities of these samples were shown to be significantly lower than those of samples prepared by the solid-state reaction.
SOFC anode modeling studies: The simple SOFC geometry that was modeled consisted of a coaxial cylindrical geometry in which the anode is at the inner cylinder into which methane fuel is introduced and depleted fuel and product gases are removed. The cathode is at the outer cylinder at which the oxidant (O2 for the system modeled) is introduced and the excess oxidant removed. The electrocatalyst is located at the surface of the inner cylinder between the anode and the electrolyte. The electrolyte through which anions (O2-) pass to provide the current for the fuel cell is located in the annular region between the electrocatalyst and the cathode. The anions must be transported through the electrolyte to the anode, thereby providing the electrical current through the cell. The anions are thought to move through the electrolyte by lattice hopping, so a standard diffusion analysis will probably be insufficient and requires modification. Furthermore, a significant concern in the development of SOFCs is the temperature at which the cell must be operated in order to achieve sufficient kinetic rates, and since the enthalpy changes for the various reactions are significant, the SOFC must be viewed as a non-isothermal reactor. Thus, a continuum-based transport model was developed.
We have built a mathematical model for the reactive transport in the anode, because we assumed that the efficiency of the SOFC is limited by the reactions occurring on the electrocatalyst. The initial model included only the two reactions:
CH4 + 4O2- → 2H2O + CO2 + 8e-
CH4 + 3O2- → 2H2O + CO + 6e-
The model includes non-isothermal effects, so that we would obtain the temperature profile across the anode in addition to concentration profiles. Sample results revealed the temperature in the anode material to be a function of radial position and time for specific values of the kinetic and transport properties of the system.
Metallic interconnects for solid oxide fuel cell applications: Until now, metals or electrically conducting ceramics have been used for interconnect structures in SOFCs. However, when metallic interconnect structures are used at temperatures of 600 °C or higher, oxides are formed on their surfaces giving rise to considerably increased contact resistance and thus increased power losses due to resistance. The requirements for an interconnect material include low thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity, high electronic conductivity, chemical stability in both oxidizing and reducing environments. Generally, a continuous, adherent, and dense oxide scale with a significantly low growth rate can protect the metal by preventing further oxidation. a-Alumina has been reported to be the most efficient protective oxide scale. Although silicon and chromium also form protective oxide layer, they have a higher growth rate than that of aluminum. Therefore, a number of ferritic alloys containing chromium and/or aluminum (e.g., Fecralloy series) have been explored commercially for applications at high temperatures in corrosive environment due to their excellent oxidation and corrosion resistance. While the oxidation behaviors of FeCrAl alloys have been investigated at temperatures more than 900 °C, their oxidation at lower temperatures in the range 600-850 °C has not been investigated. Thus, the oxidation behavior of a FeCrAl alloy was investigated at high temperature (650-850 °C) under normal atmospheric conditions. Both short-term and long-term oxidation of the FeCrAl alloy were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
The oxidation kinetics of the FeCrAl alloy was found to follow the parabolic rate law in the temperature range 600-850 °C. The activation energy for oxidation of the FeCrAl alloy was determined to be 196.72 kJ/mol from an Arrhenius plot of parabolic rate constants versus temperature. The oxidation products formed on the surface consisted primarily of α-Al2O3, and a small amount of Cr3O4 was observed in the samples that were oxidized for more than 300 hours.
Conclusions:
Future activities will focus on publishing the results obtained to date, integrating the advances into an operating SOFC test station, and seeking additional funding to continue our research in the area of SOFCs. More specifically, conductivity measurements need to be made on the Ni/YSZ anode materials, and along with the cobalt-doped YDC electrolytes, both need to be tested in an operating SOFC. We are currently working on electrochemical transport and catalytic properties measurements. In particular, we now have the ability to measure the conductivity of the press pellets in-situ, under reaction conditions. Future work should included specific measurements of these properties and parametric studies in concert with modeling studies. The proposed interconnect materials are being subjected to oxidation and conductivity studies prior to their integration into the fuel cell stack and subsequent under fuel cell operating conditions. System integration software currently being developed for PEM fuel cells is being extended to our SOFC fuel cell stack.
Journal Articles:
No journal articles submitted with this report: View all 2 publications for this subprojectSupplemental Keywords:
Alternating current (AC) impedance spectroscopy, calcination, chemical synthesis, electrical properties, electrochemistry, energy disperse analysis of X-rays (EDAX), Fecralloy, rare earth metals, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), sintered bodies, stationary power generation, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD,, RFA, Scientific Discipline, Air, TREATMENT/CONTROL, Sustainable Industry/Business, Physics, Environmental Chemistry, Sustainable Environment, Chemistry, climate change, Air Pollution Effects, Technology, Technology for Sustainable Environment, Environmental Monitoring, New/Innovative technologies, Chemistry and Materials Science, Ecological Risk Assessment, Engineering, Engineering, Chemistry, & Physics, Environmental Engineering, Atmosphere, atmospheric carbon dioxide, molecular dynamics, green engineering, nanotechnology, environmental sustainability, energy generation, global change, nanocrystalline electrodes, environmentally applicable nanoparticles, greenhouse gases, stationary power generation, carbon dioxide, sustainability, innovative technology, innovative technologies, global warming, Global Climate ChangeRelevant Websites:
http://www.bama.ua.edu/~chem/ Exit
http://che.eng.ua.edu/ Exit
http://mte.eng.ua.edu/ Exit
http://www.me.ua.edu/cavt/ Exit
Progress and Final Reports:
Original AbstractMain Center Abstract and Reports:
R828598 EAGLES - Consortium for Estuarine Ecoindicator Research for the Gulf of Mexico Subprojects under this Center: (EPA does not fund or establish subprojects; EPA awards and manages the overall grant for this center).
R822721C529 Environmentally Acceptable Endpoints: Risk Based Remediation Using Bioremediation
R822721C552 Degradative Solidification/Stabilization Technology for Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
R822721C569 Treatment and Product Recovery: Supercritical Water Oxidation of Nylon Monomer Manufacturing Waste
R822721C620 Colloidal Fouling of Membranes: Implications in the Treatment of Textile Dye Wastes and Water Reuse
R822721C626 Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Chlorinated Organics
R822721C627 The Interaction of Microbial Activity and Zero Valent Iron Permeable Barrier Technology
R822721C630 Microbial Cometabolism of Recalcitrant Chemicals in Contaminated Air Streams
R822721C633 Catalyst Lifetime Studies for Chlorocarbon Steam Reforming
R822721C635 Electrokinetic/Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation of Hydrophobic Pollutants in Low Permeability Subsurface Environments
R822721C636 Transformation Reactions of Nitroaromatic and Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds on Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Surfaces: Enhancement of GAC Adsorption in Natural and Engineered Environmental Systems
R822721C640 Environmentally Friendly Organic Synthesis in Supercritical Fluids
R822721C645 Development and Evaluation of an Integrated Model to Facilitate Risk-Based Corrective Action at Superfund Sites
R822721C651 Adjustable Biopolymer Chelators for Cadmium, Lead and Mercury
R822721C653 New Electrochemically Smart Catalysts for Hazardous Waste Management and Development of Capillary Electrophoresis for Analysis of their Products
R822721C655 Soil Sampling in South Alabama Oil Fields
R822721C659 Subsurface Contamination Site Characterization via a Computer-Aided Visual Tool
R822721C661 New Insoluble supports for Protein Immobilization for Use in Metalloprotein Affinity Metal Chromatography
R822721C663 Soil Remediation with Ultra-High-Efficiency Hydrocyclones
R822721C669 Solid Acid Catalyzed Alkylation in Supercritical Fluids
R822721C679 Regeneration/Reactivation of Carbon Adsorbents by Radio Frequency (RF) Induction Heating
R822721C687 Improved Halogen Resistance of Catalytic Oxidation
R822721C696 Phytoremediation and Bioremediation of Land Contaminated By PAHs, PCBs, and TNT
R822721C697 Fundamental and Kinetic Investigation of Sorbent Technology for Optimum Mercury Emission Control
R822721C700 Effects of Natural and Cyclic Variations on Contaminant Fate and Transport
R822721C703 Enhancement of DNAPL Dissolution Rates by Dechlorinating Anaerobes
R826694C620 Colloidal Fouling of Membranes: Implications in the Treatment of Textile Dye Wastes and Water Reuse
R826694C625 Enhanced Treatment of DNAPLs Contaminated Soils and Groundwater Using Biosurfactants: In-Situ Bioremediation
R826694C626 Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Chlorinated Wastes
R826694C627 The Interaction of Microbial Activity and Zero Valent Iron Permeable Barrier Technology
R826694C629 Biofiltration of BTEX in Petroleum-Contaminated Soil Remediation Off-Gas
R826694C630 Microbial Cometabolism of Recalcitrant Chemicals in Contaminated Air Streams
R826694C633 Catalyst Lifetime Studies for Chlorocarbon Steam Reforming
R826694C635 Electrokinetic/Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation of Hydrophobic Pollutants in Low Permeability Subsurface Environments
R826694C636 Transformation Reactions of Nitroaromatic and Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds on Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Surfaces: Enhancement of GAC Adsorption in Natural and Engineered Environmental Systems
R826694C640 Environmentally Friendly Organic Synthesis in Supercritical Fluids
R826694C645 Development and Evaluation of an Integrated Model to Facilitate Risk-Based Corrective Action at Superfund Sites
R826694C651 Adjustable Biopolymer Chelators for Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Remeidation
R826694C659 Subsurface Contamination Site characterization Via a Computer-Aided Visual Tool
R826694C661 New Insoluble supports for Protein Immobilization for Use in Metalloprotein Affinity Metal Chromatography
R826694C669 Solid Acid Catalyzed Alkylation in Supercritical Reaction Media
R826694C679 Regeneration and Reactivation of Carbon Adsorbents by Radio Frequency Induction Heating
R826694C696 Phytoremediation and Bioremediation of Land Contaminated By PAHs, PCBs, and TNT
R826694C697 Fundamental and Kinetic Investigation of Sorbent Technology for Optimum Mercury Emission Control
R826694C700 Effects of Natural Cyclic Variations on Contaminated Fate and Transport
R826694C703 Enhancement of DNAPL Dissolution Rates by Dechlorinating Anaerobes
R826694C705 A Pilot Plant for Producing Mixed Ketones from Waste Biomass
R826694C722 The Effects of an Oily-Phase on VOC Emissions from Industrial Wastewater
R826694C724 Mercury Removal from Stack Gas by Aqueous Scrubbing
R826694C725 Transport, Fate and Risk Implications of Environmentally Acceptable Endpoint Decisions
R826694C731 Development and Application of a Real-Time Optical Sensor for Atmospheric Formaldehyde
R826694C734 An Advanced System for Pollution Prevention in Chemical Complexes
R828598C001 Field Study Abstract: A Model of Ambient Air Pollution in Southeast Texas Using Artificial Neural Network Technology
R828598C002 Hollow Fiber Membrane Bioreactors for Treating Water and Air Streams Contaminated with Chlorinated Solvents
R828598C003 Fugitive Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants from On-Site Industrial Sewers
R828598C004 Biofiltration Technology Development
R828598C005 A Risk-Based Decision Analysis Approach for Aquifers Contaminated with DNAPLs
R828598C006 In-Situ Remediation for Contaminated Soils Using Prefabricated Vertical Drains
R828598C007 Membrane Technology Selection System for the Metal Finishing Industry
R828598C008 Sequential Environments for Enhanced Bioremediation of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
R828598C009 Waste Minimization in the Magnetic Tape Industry: Waterborne Coating Formulations for Magnetic Tape Manufacture
R828598C010 Soil Remediation by Agglomeration with Petroleum Coke
R828598C011 Recovery of Dilute Phosphoric Acid in Waste Streams Using Waste Gas Ammonia: The Regenerative MAP/DAP Process
R828598C012 Stochastic Risk Assessment for Bioremediation
R828598C013 Selective Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater by Chelation in Supercritical Fluids
R828598C014 Optimization of Treatment Technologies for Detoxification of PCB Contaminated Soils
R828598C015 Wastewater Remediation by Catalytic Wet Oxidation
R828598C016 Permanence of Metals Containment in Solidified and Stabilized Wastes
R828598C017 Combustion Enhancement by Radial Jet Reattachment - Low Generation of Hazardous Gases and High Thermal Efficiency
R828598C018 A Process To Convert Industrial Biosludge and Paper Fines to Mixed Alcohol Fuels
R828598C019 Homogeneous Catalysis in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
R828598C020 Ultrasonic Enhancement of the Removal of Heavy Metals
R828598C021 The Binding Chemistry and Leaching Mechanisms of Advanced Solidification/Stabilization Systems for Hazardous Waste Management
R828598C022 Development of an Air-Stripping and UV/H2O2 Oxidation Integrated Process To Treat a Chloro-Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Ground Water
R828598C023 A Comparative Study of Siting Opposition in Two Counties
R828598C024 Sonochemical Treatment of Hazardous Organic Compounds II: Process Optimization and Pathway Studies
R828598C025 Laser Diagnostics of the Combustion Process within a Rotary Kiln Incinerator
R828598C026 Use of Inorganic Ion Exchangers for Hazardous Waste Remediation
R828598C027 Kaolinite Sorbent for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Incinerated Lubricating Oils
R828598C028 Destruction of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Process Streams Using Catalytic Steam Reforming
R828598C029 Integrated Process Treatment Train (Bioremediation {Aerobic/Anaerobic} and Immobilization) for Texas Soils Contaminated with Combined Hazardous Wastes
R828598C030 Photo-Oxidation by H2O2/VisUV of Off-Gas Atmospheric Emissions from Industrial and Environmental Remediation Sources
R828598C031 Concentrated Halide Extraction and Recovery of Lead from Soil
R828598C032 Biodegradable Surfactant for Underground Chlorinated Solvent Remediation
R828598C033 A Software Guidance System for Choosing Analytical Subsurface Fate and Transport Models Including a Library of Computer Solutions for the Analytical Models
R828598C034 Hydrodynamic Modeling of Leachate Recirculating Landfill
R828598C035 Measurement of Oxygen Transfer Rate in Soil Matrices
R828598C036 Sorbent Technology for Multipollutant Control During Fluidized Bed Incineration
R828598C037 Pollution Prevention by Process Modification Using On-Line Optimization
R828598C038 Pollution Prevention by Process Modification
R828598C039 Water Solubility and Henry's Law Constant
R828598C040 Transferring Technical Information on Hazardous Substance Research by Publishing on the World Wide Web
R828598C041 Stress Protein Responses to Multiple Metal Exposure in Grass Shrimp
R828598C042 Life-Cycle Environmental Costing for Managing Pollution Prevention in the Chemical and Petroleum Refining Industries: A Cross-Border Approach
R828598C687 Improved Halogen Resistance of Catalytic Oxidation Through Efficient Catalyst Testing
R828598C696 Phytoremediation and Bioremediation of Land Contaminated By PAHs, PCBs, and TNT
R828598C697 Fundamental and Kinetic Investigation of Sorbent Technology for Optimum Mercury Emission Control
R828598C700 Effects of Natural Cyclic Variations on Contaminated Fate and Transport
R828598C703 Enhancement of DNAPL Dissolution Rates by Dechlorinating Anaerobes
R828598C705 A Pilot Plant for Producing Mixed Ketones from Waste Biomass
R828598C722 The Effects of an Oily-Phase on VOC Emissions from Industrial Wastewater
R828598C724 Mercury Removal from Stack Gas by Aqueous Scrubbing
R828598C725 Transport, Fate and Risk Implications of Environmentally Acceptable Endpoint Decisions
R828598C731 Development and Application of a Real Time Optical Sensor for Atmospheric Formaldehyde
R828598C734 An Advanced System for Pollution Prevention in Chemical Complexes
R828598C743 Field Demonstration of Ultrasound Enhancement of Permeable Treatment Walls
R828598C744 Optical Fibers Coated With Titania Membrane/UV-Generating Crystal in a Distributed-Light Photoreactor for VOC Oxidation
R828598C749 Characterization and Modeling of Indoor Particulate Contaminants In a Heavily Industrialized Community
R828598C753 Adsolubilization and Photocatalysis in a Semiconducting Monolithic Reactor for Wastewater Treatment
R828598C754 Remote Detection of Gas Emissions in Industrial Processes
R828598C759 Searching for Optimum Composition of Phosphogypsum: Fly ash: Cement Composites for Oyster Culch Materials
R828598C761 Development of a Phytologically-Based Biosorptive Water Treatment Process
R828598C766 Chlorinated Solvent Impact and Remediation Strategies for the Dry Cleaning Industry
R828598C769 Soil/Sediment Remediation by Hot Water Extraction Combined with In-Situ Wet Oxidation
R828598C771 Fluoracrylate Polymer Supported Ligands as Catalysts for Environmentally Benign Synthesis in Supercritical Fluids
R828598C774 The Feasibility of Electrophoretic Repair of Impoundment Leaks
R828598C777 Surfactant Enhanced Photo-oxidation of Wastewaters
R828598C778 Stationary Power Generation Via Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: A Response to Pollution and Global Warming
R828598C786 Photocatalytic Recovery of Sulfur and Hydrogen From Hydrogen Sulfide
R828598C787 Biosurfactant Produced from Used Vegetable Oil for removal of Metals From Wastewaters and Soils
R828598C789 Genetic Engineering of Enzymatic Cyanide Clearance
R828598C791 Characterizing the Intrinsic Remediation of MTBE at Field Sites
R828598C799 Simultaneous Water Conservation/Recycling/Reuse and Waste Reduction in Semiconductor Manufacturing
R828598C801 Building Defined Mixed Cultures To Biodegrade Diverse Mixtures Of Chlorinated Solvents
R828598C802 Engineering of Nanocrystal Based Catalytic Materials for Hydroprocessing of Halogenated Organics
R828598C807 Commercial Demonstration of Hydrogen Peroxide Injection to Control NOx Emissions from Combustion Sources
R828598C809 Evaluating Source Grouting and ORC for Remediating MTBE Sites
R828598C810 Application of Total Cost Assessment To Process Design In the Chemical Industry
R828598C846 Quantitative Demonstration of Source-Zone Bioremediation in A Field-Scale Experimental Controlled Release System
The perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Conclusions drawn by the principal investigators have not been reviewed by the Agency.
Project Research Results
Main Center: R828598
359 publications for this center
90 journal articles for this center